Courting and wedding rituals in America and Afghanistan

Both countries use symbolic traditions in their beliefs of courting and weddings.  The fact that both Afghan women and North American wear a white dress at the wedding proves that the countries believe in a certain set of values. The color white overall is a sign of purity. For the signing of the documents and the after party of the wedding, Soraya wears a green dress, â€Å"we were seated around table, Soraya and I dressed in green-the color of Islam, but also the color of spring and new beginnings†(Hosseini 179). A green dress would show loyalty towards Afghanistan.North Americans believe it is bad luck to let the bride and groom see each other the night and day before until the wedding. The groom and bride in Afghan traditions are not to be left alone at all before the wedding, â€Å"Soraya and I never went out alone together while preparations for the proceeded-since we weren’t married yet, hadn’t even had a Shirini-khori, it was considered improper† (Hosseini 178).Afghans and North Americans both have the marrying couple in the center of attention, â€Å"A procession of uncles, aunts, and cousins followed as we made our way through the hall, parting a sea of applauding guests, blinking at flashing camaras†(Hosseini 179). Most of the time they are up on a stage while saying their vows, â€Å"I remember sitting on the sofa, set on the stage like a throne, Soraya’s hand in mine, as three hundred or so faces looked on†(Hosseini 180).The similarities between two different cultures are mostly found in the beliefs of the people and their traditional symbols.

Reader Responses

Real Relationships Fahrenheit 451 , written by Ray Bradbury, introduces many motifs to the reader. One of them being television. Television isn't the problem, but the over-indulging was the thing that hurt the many relationships of this book. Having so much technology and instant satisfaction at one's fingertips can be deadly. Specifically, so many people watch It because It's an escape from the viewer's real life. They don't have to face their problems. Without problems being faced, relationships are being less cared about, and less emotions are rolling to the reface.As In Fahrenheit 451 , the protagonist Montage's wife Mildred attempted seclude because of her great pain and Inability to confront her sad life. As the book says, the only attachment she has, Is to the â€Å"family on her favorite television show. In article â€Å"Face Time vs.. Screen Time†, written by Chancre Johnson, researchers found that people, especially teens are communicating with their families more, but with less emotions. Parenting expert Denies Daniels says, â€Å"These kids aren't connecting emotionally.Just like in Fahrenheit 451, no one in this futuristic society was connecting emotionally. They would talk about things that would happen, but not why. They never wondered. They were never emotional. Dry Kate Roberts says, â€Å"Families text rather than have conversations. We're living in a culture of sound bites, and that is not developing our verbal skills or our emotional intelligence. † Like in the book, a character, Mrs.. Bowels (Milliard's friend) has obviously had problems with emotional attachment, emotional intelligence, and communicating with her cabanas/past husbands.She had one divorce, one husband killed in a car accident, and another that has committed suicide. Not to mention that both of her kids utterly despise her. If she wasn't so superficial and had good verbal skills and emotional intelligence, she would be liked. This isn't necessarily her fault though, because this is a normal thing in this books society. Compared to the article, it is talking about real life too! This isn't part of a science fiction book anymore, this is slowly happening to our society.We are losing our communication skills. And if we cannot turn technology off more often, we are likely to lose the people we love. Reader Responses for Fahrenheit 451 By Audrey-Scrooges Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, introduces many motifs to the reader. Deadly. Specifically TV, so many people watch it because it's an escape from the viewer's real life. They don't have to face their problems. Without problems being faced, relationships are being less cared about, and less emotions are rising to the surface.As in Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist Montage's wife Mildred attempted suicide because of her great pain and inability to confront her sad life. As the book says, the only attachment she has, is to the â€Å"family' on her favorite television show. With less em otions. Parenting expert Denies Daniels says, â€Å"These kids aren't connecting emotionally. † Just like in Fahrenheit 451 , no one in this futuristic society despise her. If she wasn't so superficial and had good verbal skills and emotional life too! This isn't part of a science fiction book anymore, this is slowly happening to

Mtn Nigeria Roll Out Strategy

MTN NIGERIA COMMUNICATIONS LIMITED Prior to 1999, which heralded the return of democracy to the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 30 companies had the Digital Mobile License (DML). None of these companies were fully operational as the lacked the technical and financial capability to operate the DML. Aside from the digital mobile licensee, the only active player who was more or less a monopoly was Nitel.The advent of democracy resulted in the appointment of a new regulator for the telecommunications industry. One of the mandates given to the regulator was to deregulate the telecommunications sector and to drive it to become an enabler of the Nigerian economy. The regulator’s first move was to revoke all DML licenses, free up the spectrums associated with the licenses and then open up the licenses to all that is interested.After a due diligence, going thru technical and financial bids, six players were invited to bid for three of the four spectrums put up for sale (the fourth was res erved for Nitel, the government owned company). After a very competitive, free and fair bidding process, MTN Nigeria Limited emerged as one of the winning bids, paying $285m for the license. As part of the terms to retaining the license, each operator of the DML license was to use the GSM technology. They were all given roll out targets, and targets on subscriber base. ROLL OUT STRATEGYAt a strategy management meeting, MTN identified that aside from ensuring that the roll out and subscriber base targets are met, they also have to ensure what ever strategy that is implemented will ensure that investment in the cost of the license and building of the network is recoverable and sustainable. Two roll out strategies were identified: Width strategy and Depth strategy or a combination of both. Whichever strategy was chosen, the marketing team were to ensure that the necessary marketing strategy, slogan and drive support it

Persuasive speaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive speaking - Essay Example ch as we may express our humility to assist or sympathize with a child born to poor parents by giving medicine and providing healthcare services freely to them, we are not sure how our money will be used in solving this ethical issue (Ross 300). I do strongly disagree that there exists something like universal healthcare due to the fact that this kind of program will not reach everyone as the term implies and its effect will not be universal as the name suggests too. What is actually in the real American dream? Is it powerful military or reputation? I think American dream is based on universal right to existence, freedom, and contentment. This is the dream of every individual in the world and its pursuit is everyone’s responsibility. All these visions are based on an individual’s health hence proving the importance of a healthy body and mind. The reason there is no universal healthcare is the attitude that most people do have that healthcare is more like socialism, which do not imply democracy. The political elites have continuously disagreed on the importance of universal healthcare being that they do not even feel the pinch when faced by sickness and diseases due to their financial advantage. Do they really care for the common person? Lots of money is spent on wars than healthcare services (Sebelius Web). All the companies in the healthcare sector are clearly in the business of making profit without even thinking of the welfare of their clients thus making diseases and sickness big business. In fact, the US healthcare is the most costly due to the players in this fundamental sector thus making it unproductive to throw money in this system (Tanner Web). Demand for healthcare has since been limited by demand because it is provided in the market and any attempt to provide it freely can only be limited by rationing which happens in most countries practicing this system such as Spain, South Korea, France, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. Most people would be given

Cross Cultural Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cross Cultural Management - Assignment Example The challenge for managing the multicultural teams effectively lies in the fact to recognize the underlying cultural reasons of conflict, and to interrupt in a way that would get all the teams back on its track and also empower the members in dealing with the future challenges themselves (Bret, Behfar & Kern, 2012). This can be done by providing effective motivation. Motivation within the individuals is seen to vary across the subject areas (Lai, 2011, p.2). Research had suggested that motivation could be manipulated by using certain instructional practices though both positive and its negative effects had been demonstrated. In managing a multicultural team such as one consisting of Nigerian, Chinese and British people, leadership can play a great role. For a global leader understanding international interaction becomes very essential to implement transnational leadership in the global business world of today. Diversity as well as complexity seems to increase in the domestic scenario as the business operations gets more international (Jokinen, 2004, p.199). The challenge while managing motivation in a multicultural team lies in recognizing "the patterns, values, symbols, meanings, beliefs, assumptions, and expectations" (Paget, 2011). This challenge gets most apparent if the leader discovers that "because different cultures hold different views, a managerial style that is effective in one culture will not necessarily be effective in another" (Paget, 2011). These differences observed in cultural outlook could also affect the leader’s communication with his team members if everyone is not found to be speaking in one particular language. Factors affecting motivation in a multicultural team a. Motivation and cultural differences in a multicultural team While managing motivation a multicultural team, there are many factors that need to be addressed. These can be in the form of respect for every culture, goal concentration, teamwork, clarity of thoughts and ex pression by the leader (Reh, 2012. The leader needs to give special attention to the language and culture of the different people in the team (Babler, 2011). Employees who are respected as in their workplaces and made to feel as a part of the entire team have twice the chance to stick with their employer. Staff retention in turn cuts the recruitment costs can make a huge impact for the whole organization (Managing a multicultural workforce, 2008, p.3). Language and cultural attitude can also impact the motivation levels and work behavior. People from variant cultures might have various ways of communicating as well as different values. Using eye contact, body gestures and any formal language and their attitudes towards time-keeping, personal status and the rules are a few of the examples where the cultural differences can make an impact (Managing a multicultural workforce, 2008, p.6). There are many differences in the cultural attitude of the Nigerian, Chinese and the British people . As for example, the color white signifies peace in Nigerian and British culture but in Chinese it symbolizes death (Symbolism of Colors, Associations of The Five Elements, Chinese Beliefs, and Feng Shui, 1998). So if there is any mention of the color there are chances where the Chinese employee might feel de-motivated as he might not be used to such situations. b. Multicultural team work behavior different from others It must be understood that a

HR Strategy Responding to a Union Organizing Drive Assignment

HR Strategy Responding to a Union Organizing Drive - Assignment Example My first approach in this case will be to create a communication bridge between the management and the workers by being friendlier with them. Unless and until each and every employee starts opening up, it will become difficult for me to discuss the issues with them. The employees need to realize the fact that the labour unions chosen by them were doing well in negotiations. The company on the other hand needs to be aware of all the rules of NLRA and also the fact that if the elections took place and the union was not voted then there would be an appeal. In a representation election representatives are given a decision of one or all the more bargaining agents or no illustrative whatsoever. To be confirmed as the bargaining delegate, a singular or a work association must appropriate a greater part of the substantial votes throws. My next step will be to ensure that the supervisors are taking proper care of the employees in sense that all the problems of the employees are being communic ated to the management on time. The supervisors are the representatives of the employees. It is their duty to receive the messages and deliver it to the management. In order to ensure this, I will be conducting a face to face meeting of the management, supervisors, and the employees where all the issues will be discussed. This will also maintain a transparency between everyone. In case the union is at fault, an election may be held by understanding between the head honcho and the singular or work association guaranteeing to speak to the representatives. In such an understanding the gatherings might state the time and spot coincided on, the decisions to be incorporated on the ticket, and a strategy to figure out who is qualified to vote. They might likewise sanction the NLRB Regional Director to lead the election. Collective bargaining is characterized in the Act. Segment 8(d) of NLRA, requires a business and the agent of its representatives to meet at

Effects of Chinese Auto Market on US Economy Research Paper

Effects of Chinese Auto Market on US Economy - Research Paper Example    During the industrialization process of China, the automotive industry has grown rapidly. The growth of the automotive industry of China has become the catalyst for the growth of other sectors as well. The automotive industry of China has directed its attention towards the infrastructure development patterns (Zhang, 2003). The automobile industry of China is the major driver of the economy of the United States. This market has also played a vital role in the growth of other industrial economies. When Henry Ford applied the technique of line production in order to produce cars, the product transformed from a luxury item to an essential component of life. The automotive industry of China has evolved as the major driving the economy of China and its workforce. Some of the arguments about Chinese automotive industry focus on the consumption of automobiles in the market of China and the export approach of the country. According to different indicators, China is open to the foreign in vestment like Korea and Japan. These indicators also suggest that China may take a hybrid approach in order to direct its attention towards domestic consumption. At the same time, China may also build vehicles for export in order to produce world-class cars (Business Line, 2002) The automotive car industry of China is export-focused. The industry is very complex and is undergoing a transformation from low-cost to value-added products.  Ã‚   The global economic crises have severely influenced the automotive sector of the United States. However, the auto industry of China is growing constantly. The industry has become a bright focus for foreign car manufacturers. In the year 2008, China produced approximately eight times more vehicles than those produced in the 1990s. The annual production of cars in the automotive industry has allowed China to surpass the United States. The vehicles produced in the automotive industry of China have become very sophisticated with the passage of time. It is because of the partnership of China with major automotive giants including Volkswagen, Toyota, Mazda, GM, Honda, and others. The purpose of this partnership is to boost technological cooperation (Chang’An Automobile Group, 2002).

ESL Classroom Mgmt Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

ESL Classroom Mgmt Strategies - Research Paper Example For any teacher to be effective in teaching English as a foreign language class management skills are prerequisite. It is an acknowledged fact that classroom management is of critical importance in enhancing the effectiveness of pedagogy since a lack of the same would result to a reduction in cognitive and overall development of the learners. As such effective teaching and learning of English as a second language is dependent upon effective classroom management (Brown 1-12). Classroom management entails the manner of controlling behaviour that would result in disruptions so as to ensure that teaching and learning is maximized. Pedagogical content knowledge entails all of the skills possessed by a teacher which enables them to transmit pedagogical content. This normally includes generic education and subject skills. Subject includes student and teacher based methods and approaches that are employed in the teaching of particular issues. Good examples are the Communicative Language teac hing or the Audio lingual strategy which are exclusive to the teaching of languages. Generic education pedagogy on the other hand includes learner teacher methods and approaches which may be employed in the teaching of any subject. ... sually migrants they may portray behavior which is not normal of the natural born members of the class and hence which would cause disruption (Buchman 143-148). Contrary to public opinion the terms discipline and management are not synonyms of each other. Many people associate discipline with punishment even as it is a means of modifying, correcting and inspiring desired behavior. While discipline is part of management it does not entail all the aspects of management. In addition to discipline management also involves the organization of students, materials, time and space to foster learning. It also entails the approaches and methods employed in order to have the ordered environment for learning and teaching (Bharkhuizen and Gough 453-471). The disciplining of learners in the second language class should be in such a manner that would show care and concern and not victimization (Allison and Rehm 7). Approaches in Classroom Management In classroom management it is important that the teacher employs a particular approach that would ensure he has a proper control over the class. Approaches employed in the management of the classroom include but are not limited to: punishments and rewards, learner teacher relations (Pedder 171-200). The teacher needs top foster compliance in the students by being assertive in the setting up of protocol for instance time of entry into the class, submitting assignments among others. New learners tend to test out the teacher and hence it is important that the teacher set out the protocols that are to be followed from the very beginning of learning (Brynes 472-494). Strategies which are geared towards the inhibition of negative learner behavior such as punishment may not be effective since learners of English as a second language may see this

Hrd 276 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hrd 276 - Essay Example This review has chosen JetBlue Airways for purposes of organizational culture model simply because the company practices the Denison Organizational Culture Survey (DOCS), a tool of choice that has become effective in assessing the cultural and organizational performance. Using this tool, organizations can now benchmark their cultural scores against the global database. As a result, they can now develop action plans that are geared towards improving their current practices. In an analysis of JetBlue Airways using DOCS tool, both strengths and weaknesses of the organization as they apply in the company performance will be undertaken with respect to adaptability, mission, involvement and consistency (Denison Consulting, 2013). In doing so, specific aspects of an organizations culture in each of the fore mentioned traits and management practices are normally carried out. Adaptability is characterized by a number of traits such as customer focus, creating change and organizational learning. While creating change, JetBlue Airways has been characterized by the ability of the company to being responsive to change. The company responds well with its competitors and with respect to changes in the external environment. However, there is a need for different organizational unit to cooperate in order for Jet Blue to realize more change (Denison Consulting, 2013). Customers focus; on the other hand, requires that all members of the organization understands customer’s wants and needs particularly being an airline company. The last aspect of adaptability is organizational learning whereby failure should be viewed as an opportunity for future improvements. Therefore, this should encourage innovations in the company as the risk takers get re warded. The next factor of explanation of culture is the mission that involves strategic directions and intent; setting

The Authors portrayal of Victor Essay Example for Free

The Authors portrayal of Victor Essay Whilst Frankenstein knows that his actions in creating the creature were wrong, he is trying to justify his actions following the creature coming to life as being acceptable, the creature is trying to make Frankenstein feel responsible for creating him and then abandoning him so he is trying to make Frankenstein feel guilty. This is all moving towards the creatures ultimate aim, for Frankenstein to create him a companion to fulfil his need for love and compassion. This is very interesting, the creature just wants someone to love and be with and Frankenstein wanted someone to rule and have power over, when you look at the events of the first night when the creature is brought to life, you cant help but wonder that if the prevailing events had taken a different course and the creature and Frankenstein had stayed together, then both characters would have had their needs fulfilled, Frankenstein would have had his power and the creature would have had his companion and would not be alone in the world. The following morning the two characters find themselves in two very different situations, Frankenstein walks out into his town, Ingolstadt where he meets his long-time friend, Henry Clerval, I perceived Henry Clerval who inspires joy to Frankenstein, I felt suddenly, and for the first time during many months, calm and serene joy it is as if Frankenstein now has a huge weight off his shoulders and can return to living a normal life, I sincerely hope, that all these employments are now at an end and that I am at length free. The creature on the other hand is left very alone, with very little knowledge about what is happening around him, left to learn the ways of the world by himself, I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew out again with a cry of pain here the creature shows the vulnerability and intelligence of a small child, but without someone there to tell him not to put his hand in the fire he has to find it out for himself. However quite deservingly, it is not the creature who suffers the most in these early days of the story, it is Frankenstein. After meeting Clerval, Frankenstein goes home expecting to find the creature there, the thought made me shiver, that the creature whom I had left in the apartment might still be there. This he does not but he does fall very ill. This was the commencement of a nervous fever which confined me for several months. During this time Clerval nursed him back to health. The creature on the other hand does much better for himself, out in the wild he finds himself a fire, food (berries which are not very nourishing) and water from the stream. Nonetheless he survives and seems content, until he first encounters men. The difference in the two characters relationships with humans could not be more dissimilar. Each and every one of the creatures encounters with humans result in him being attacked, grievously bruised by stones and many other kinds of missile weapons. Frankenstein however has a very different relationship with humans. His account of his upbringing shows how spoilt he was by his parents and as previously stated it is his friend, Clerval who looks after him when he is ill. The creature is deprived of all this. The readers sympathy for the characters shifts with each narrator, this making it difficult to remain unbiased. Until the creature tells his story he receives no sympathy, yet after, the reader begins to recognise the injustice of Frankensteins actions, his absence of conscience and how ultimately, he completes an experiment which threatens mankind. In conclusion, Shelly has created two very extreme characters that given different circumstances could have flourished with one another, yet quite the contrary happens with them leading to each others destruction. It asks many questions about the morality and ethics surrounding science and inspires responsibility above all else upon the scientists both to think about what they are doing and also why they are doing what they are doing. Answering the why can sometimes be very much more difficult than answering what. By Andy Lawson 11I Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

A Christian Music Guide

A Christian Music Guide Music forms an integral part of all communities and religions. Christian music is no exception to that. Christian music primarily consists of the music played and sung in churches for the purpose of worshipping and praising the Lord. Christian music has different forms and has a different name for each form. However, Christian music also conforms to the music outside the regular church service. The various forms of Christian music include anthem, antiphon, cantata, chant, chorale, hymn, mass, motet, plainsong, carol and oratorio. An anthem is a song sung with a religious or political significance having a meaning itself. An anthem can be sung in church or any other place with or without any other companions. By Christian terminology it often denotes a song sung for praising loyalty. An antiphon is sung after the narration of a psalm or canticle in response to it. A cantata is performed primarily by a group of people who sing in the church and are known as the choir. However, a cantata can also comprise of solo performances accompanied by musical instruments. A chant is a repeated utterance of short and simple words or syllables sung in the same tone and melody. A chorale is a German hymn known to be much more simpler than the English ones. They came into existence to replace the plainsongs in order to be sung to announce the congregation participation in the liturgy. A hymn is sung as note of thanksgiving, devotion and praise towards the lord almighty. A mass is sung to celebrate public celebrations mostly in the Roman Catholic Churches and a few Protestant Churches. A motet comprises of the sacred text, mostly from the Bible, and is usually sung alone without any companion. Any Christian song sung without the restrictions of meter are known as plainsong. Often plainsong is also sung alone. A carol usually celebrates joy and celebration such as the Christmas carols. They are accompanied with dancing and loud singing in groups. An oratorio is a musical composition accompanied with orchestra and chorus depicting a sacred tale without any kind of stage enactments. The Christian music has evolved over the years keeping in tact its tradition and customs and yet, giving way for the contemporary Christian music, largely influenced by the secular music. The music from the different gospels along with the Christian Country Music is the most popular forms of music in the US. Christian Pop Music Pop music is considered to be the short form of popular music. Pop music generally appeals to the teenage and young section of the listeners. It is mostly accompanied by electronic musical equipments and is characterized by a heavy rhythmic pattern. The themes may include personal or loud group emotions, although the most common and popular themes are derived from emotional or physical love themes. Christian pop music found its existence in the term Contemporary Christian Music in the year 1970, which was based on Christian Faith. The music derived its root from the hippie Jesus Movement, from which the genre of Jesus Music began. In the early days, Christian pop music consisted of folk pop songs depicting the artists belief and faith in Jesus. Soon, Christian pop music became quite popular and began being aired on various radio stations and sold in local stores. Popular artists like Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith made the Christian pop music a flourishing Industry by 1980 when millions of their records started getting sold. The early Christian pop music was divided into four main groups known as the separatist, purist, spiritually reflective and incidental positions. Each group prophesied their own view in deciding the motive and themes of the pop music and composed music accordingly. Eventually, this separate genre of music was opposed by some of the other artists who deviated from this genre to form other Christian music genres such as hip hop, punk, alternative, metal etc. Some of these artists include Lost Dogs, Joy Electric etc. In the present scenario however, Christian pop music has found its place beside all the other existing genres of Christian music. The contemporary pop music is a combination of inspirational, sacred, gospels and emotions strains. Over the years, quite a number of artists have made Christian pop music durable and popular among the young generations. Christian Music Charts Music charts usually functions as an overall rating report of the contemporary songs based on their popularity and music quality. Like every other genre of music, songs belonging to the Christian music also find its way up and down the music charts decided by the various criterions. An overall survey is done through various means of communications such as Internet polls, sms and of course letters and online public forums. Based on this survey a song would enter the hit chart and find its position on the top slot. These positions may vary from one week to another as new songs and albums keep entering the music charts. As a result, the song or album, which was on the top slot a week before, can lose its position and come down the rating charts. The way of airing and popularizing a song or an album, are the various radio stations and innumerable television channels. These radio stations and television channels help in making these songs and albums popular, which in turn help them enter the music charts. However, these music charts are not always the best way to judge the quality of a song or an album. Often, it might be possible that a really good song has not been able to enter the music charts because it is not a part of a very high budget project. In that case song does not appear on air or television channels and thus is not a part of the top music charts of a country or state. Usually Christian music charts are divided according to the different genres of Christian music such as Contemporary, Rock, Adult Contemporary, Inspirational, Pop to name a few. However, they can also show an overall rating combining all the genres and types of music prevalent. The songs and albums are often listed starting with the most popular ones on top and the count going up with the following numbers. Christian music charts can be found in the various online websites, and are transmitted through multiple radio and television channels regularly. Christian Karaoke Music The word Karaoke derives its meaning from the combination of two Japanese terms. Kara in Japanese means empty or void and oke means orchestra. Together they formed Karaoke to establish a different genre of Christian music. Karaoke music is a live performance by the artist accompanied by a pre-recorded orchestra. It is very popular in a lot of places, including stage performances. The pre-recorded orchestra and video displays act as a guide to the singer whose microphone volume is usually kept low. The singer merely lips the songs, which are already played in the background. Christian Karaoke music shows usually take place in open areas such as parks, fairs and other public get-togethers, which provides a platform for all those who are not so confident about their singing alone. The pre-recorded voice helps them to sing along and yet participate in the shows. This also serves as another way of spreading the word of God providing the flexibility of local gatherings instead of going to the church. Christian Karaoke music often consists of hymns and other popular genres of Christian music which, when played and participated by the general people help in making them popular. Although, usual Karaoke music is popular in bars and nightclubs Christian Karaoke Music do not associate itself with such places and is mostly comprised of gospels, carols and other religious streams. Singing along with the Karaoke has become a popular profession and various websites have come up to train the singer about the ways off singing in a Christian Karaoke. Christian Karaoke Music lists are available on most online music shopping websites with the latest and most popular artists and albums in store. However, it is advisable to compare and check the different sites and price rates offered by them before buying a certain album. Prices may vary depending on the popularity and music chart ratings of an album.

Discuss the role of friendship in Northanger Abbey. Essay -- Essays Pa

Discuss the role of friendship in Northanger Abbey. This essay will discuss the role of friendship in Northanger Abbey by examining the different types of friendships between Catherine Morland, Isabella Thorpe and Eleanor Tilney in the novel, alongside the significance of friendship to the plot and themes of the novel. Whether one can regard only true friendships as important will also be explored. In Northanger Abbey (NA) there are two main friendships, that of Catherine and Isabella and Catherine and Eleanor. These two friendships can be seen as a total contrast to one another. Catherine is very pleased to meet Isabella after being disappointed in not seeing Mr Tilney again. The narrator informs the reader that Catherine is fortunate in finding a friend as ‘Friendship is certainly the finest balm for the pangs of disappointed love.’ (p.18 NA). Isabella being the elder of the two has much more knowledge of fashionable society than Catherine and is, therefore, able to teach her a great deal about the expectations of society at that time. Catherine initially looks up to Isabella and considers herself lucky to have found such a good friend (p.19 NA). Isabella and Catherine’s friendship grows very quickly, unlike that of Catherine and Eleanor, which progresses much more gradually. Isabella is very free with her friendship, professing to do anything for her friends, even when she has known them only a short time. In contrast, Eleanor takes her time to get to know Catherine. She is far more sophisticated than Isabella and does not jump into a friendship without getting to know someone first. It is only during Catherine’s stay at Northanger Abbey that the two women become close friends. There are v... ...expecting nothing in return. (www.kettering.edu). Eleanor would not quite do anything for her friend. Even though she regarded Catherine as a true friend, Eleanor still puts family loyalty before Catherine even though she disagreed with her father. Nevertheless, both Isabella and Eleanor’s friendships in Northanger Abbey are crucial for developing and maturing Catherine’s character. Bibliography Austen, Jane. [1818] 1990 Northanger Abbey, ed. by John Davie, with an introduction by Terry Castle, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford: Oxford University Press Regan, Stephen. Ed. 2001. The Nineteenth-Century Novel: A Critical Reader, London: Routledge Da Sousa Correa, Delia. Ed. 2000 The Nineteenth-Century Novel: Realisms, London: Routledge www.sparknotes.com/lit/northangerabbey [Accessed 21 January 2004] www.kettering.edu [Accessed 21 January 2004] Discuss the role of friendship in Northanger Abbey. Essay -- Essays Pa Discuss the role of friendship in Northanger Abbey. This essay will discuss the role of friendship in Northanger Abbey by examining the different types of friendships between Catherine Morland, Isabella Thorpe and Eleanor Tilney in the novel, alongside the significance of friendship to the plot and themes of the novel. Whether one can regard only true friendships as important will also be explored. In Northanger Abbey (NA) there are two main friendships, that of Catherine and Isabella and Catherine and Eleanor. These two friendships can be seen as a total contrast to one another. Catherine is very pleased to meet Isabella after being disappointed in not seeing Mr Tilney again. The narrator informs the reader that Catherine is fortunate in finding a friend as ‘Friendship is certainly the finest balm for the pangs of disappointed love.’ (p.18 NA). Isabella being the elder of the two has much more knowledge of fashionable society than Catherine and is, therefore, able to teach her a great deal about the expectations of society at that time. Catherine initially looks up to Isabella and considers herself lucky to have found such a good friend (p.19 NA). Isabella and Catherine’s friendship grows very quickly, unlike that of Catherine and Eleanor, which progresses much more gradually. Isabella is very free with her friendship, professing to do anything for her friends, even when she has known them only a short time. In contrast, Eleanor takes her time to get to know Catherine. She is far more sophisticated than Isabella and does not jump into a friendship without getting to know someone first. It is only during Catherine’s stay at Northanger Abbey that the two women become close friends. There are v... ...expecting nothing in return. (www.kettering.edu). Eleanor would not quite do anything for her friend. Even though she regarded Catherine as a true friend, Eleanor still puts family loyalty before Catherine even though she disagreed with her father. Nevertheless, both Isabella and Eleanor’s friendships in Northanger Abbey are crucial for developing and maturing Catherine’s character. Bibliography Austen, Jane. [1818] 1990 Northanger Abbey, ed. by John Davie, with an introduction by Terry Castle, Oxford World’s Classics, Oxford: Oxford University Press Regan, Stephen. Ed. 2001. The Nineteenth-Century Novel: A Critical Reader, London: Routledge Da Sousa Correa, Delia. Ed. 2000 The Nineteenth-Century Novel: Realisms, London: Routledge www.sparknotes.com/lit/northangerabbey [Accessed 21 January 2004] www.kettering.edu [Accessed 21 January 2004]

Children on Their Birthdays by Truman Capote Essay -- Children on The

"Children on Their Birthdays" by Truman Capote Truman Capote created a character in "Children on Their Birthdays" who is the definition of a dreamer. Her name is Miss Bobbit and although she is only a child, everyone who knew her addressed her as Miss Bobbit because "she had a certain magic, whatever she did she did it with completeness, and so directly , so solemnly, that there was nothing to do but accept it". When she introduced herself as Miss Bobbit people would "snicker", yet she was still known as Miss Bobbit. John Updike once said, "Dreams come true; without that possibility, nature would not incite us to have them". This is just what Miss Bobbit believed. There was no stopping this young girl when she set her mind to something. Miss Bobbit is introduced in the story as a young, sassy, conceded girl who is mocked by almost everyone in the town. By the end of the story she was ?surrounded by people who stopped to wish her well?. Billy Bob and Preacher are two boys who are known to cause trouble. ?They were the biggest friends in town: talked alike, walked alike, and occasionally they disappeared together for whole days.? Although when Miss Bobbit did not appear the boys stayed close to the house hoping to catch a glimpse of her. It was obvious that the two boys had ?fallen in love? with Miss Bobbit and she could get them to do almost anything she wanted. Knowing this, Miss Bobbit did just that. The boys started to work for her and were dedicated to their...

Examining Greed in The Rocking Horse Winner Essay -- Book Reviews Gree

Examining Greed in The Rocking Horse Winner In "The Rocking Horse Winner" D. H. Lawrence tells us about the traumatic downfall of an upper middle class family struggling to maintain appearances through habitual overspending. Both the parents with common jobs and "expensive tastes" (pg.646) exploit all their resources to give their family the best; however, it was only to retain their high status in the society. "The Rocking Horse Winner" depicts a common demon we all face; greed, society's need for more possessions and money often drives people to do drastic things.The magnificently decorated house had always been haunted by the unspoken phrase, "there must be more money" (pg.646). "Nobody said it aloud. Just as no one says: We are breathing! In spite of the fact that breath is coming and going all the time." (pg.647) "They heard it at Christmas, when the expensive and splendid toys filled the nursery. Behind the shinning modern rocking-horse, behind the smart dolls house, a voice would start whispering: There must be more mon ey!"(pg.646).The house cried with pain as it pitie...

Psychology Debate Essay

Psychology is a human science and should thereby leave the study of biology to the biologists. Psychology, as defined by the APA is, ‘the study of the mind and behaviour’(APA, 2013), this definition states that psychology is indeed separate to that of biology as biology by definition is ‘the branch of science concerned with the structure, function, growth, evolution, and distribution of living and non-living organisms’ (biology online, 2013), this implies that the two are indeed two different disciplines which do not require interaction, as they are simply focusing on different things. A good example of the two disciplines being separate, is psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis, a method of therapy developed by Freud and still used widely today, focuses on the subconscious and says that mental illness is caused by underlying traumas, repressed memories and unconscious desires. If these are brought to the surface, by the patient verbalising under hypnosis of these repressed, unconscious and underlying issues, it is thought that by uncovering them they will find answers. Psychoanalysis has no foundations in biology and even as it has been expanded upon by people such as Adler and Jung, still does not believe that biology is relevant to psychology (Kandel, 1999). The simple fact that they are, still to this day, separate disciplines again reinforces that they are separate spheres of study and should remain that way. AGAINST: Psychologists need an understanding of biology in order to treat patients, and understand concepts fully.  Psychology could not be practiced if it was not for the fundamental biology that sets human beings apart from any other species. An understanding of the brain, body and how they function and there interactions and co-existence with psychological concepts such as mood, personality, emotions are integral and in fact, psychology needs a biological foundation and understanding to even begin to interpret psychological concepts (Weiten, 1992). When taking a closer look at the definitions mentioned previously, they both study life. Since biology is the study of life psychology fits into this definition as psychologists too study life. In saying that, the study of life should not be left up to the biologists as they are typically concerned with the structure, function, growth, evolution and distribution of living and non-living organisms, whereas psychologists look deeper into the study of life, not just seeing it as a science but seeing it as an avenue to help and better people’s lives through understanding the fundamental biological workings of the brain. But without an understanding of the human brain and body and how it functions psychologists would not be able to put these two disciplines together to achieve their outcomes. It is crucial for a psychologist to understand the work of biology in order to be an effective psychologist. Without a biological basis, there would be no way that psychology would even be a pro-active discipline. Diagnosing a patient today, requires the psychologist to be able to understand the biological forces which influence behaviour (Weiten, 1992).

A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Essay

A critical appraisal of the 2011 E.coli outbreak of food poisoning in Germany Introduction            E. coli is an abbreviation that stands for Escherichia coli which is a rod shaped, facultative, Gram negative bacterium. This bacterium is very common in the lower intestines of warm blooded animals. Although not all types E.coli bacterium are harmful, there are some stains that are known to cause serious food poisoning in human beings. The harmless E.coli strains are components of normal flora and produce vitamin k2. Moreover, they are important to humans because they inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines (Bill & Clark 2012:74). The gut flora is made up of 0.1% of E.coli and other related bacteria and is mainly transmitted through fecal-oral means. Many of E.coli cells can only survive for a short time outside the body making them good indicator organisms for testing environmental samples of fecal infection. However, recent research has discovered some strains of the E.coli bacteria that can survive for long periods of time outside the body.            The first case of E.coli outbreak in Germany was reported between May and June in 2011 and was largely concentrated in the northern parts of the country. According to German health officials, the foodborne illness was caused by a new strain of the E.coli bacteria known as O104:H4. The disease was mainly characterized by a number of complications like hemolytic-uremic syndrome  (HUS) and bloody diarrhea (Lan & Reeves 2002:84). The high number of deaths was mainly caused by hemolytic-uremic syndromes which require quick treatment. Initially, the outbreak was believed to have been caused by a strain of E.coli known as enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) but future research found that the outbreak was in fact caused by enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Moreover, this strain of E.coli was found to have the ability to produce Shiga toxins. Initial epidemiological research had suggested that vegetables were the main source of infection. More specifically, the German agricultural m inisters identified one organic farm in Bienenbà ¼ttel as the most likely source of the infection. As a means of controlling the outbreak, the German government ordered for its immediate closure. Despite the fact that laboratories in Bienenbà ¼ttel did not detect the E.coli bacteria in produce, one laboratory in North Rhine-Westphalia later established that the outbreak strain was in fact present in packaged sprouts from the suspected farm. On June 30th 2011, fenugreek seed imported from Egypt were announced as the most likely source of the outbreak by the German  Bundesinstitut fà ¼r Risikobewertung (BfR)  (Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Todar 2012: 29). The German E.coli outbreak affected 3,950 people in total and caused 51 deaths in the country alone. Other countries that were affected by the outbreak include the United States, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Denmark, Poland and Canada (Bill & Clark 2012: 93). At the beginning of the E.coli outbre ak, the German authorities claimed that the bacterium was most likely to have originated from Spain. Without carrying out any tests, the German health officials claimed that the O104 E.coli strain was most likely to have originated from cucumbers imported from Spain. However, future tests revealed that Spanish greenhouses were not the source of the E.coli strain responsible for the outbreak. This claim by the German officials provoked protests by the Spanish government because it made the country lose about 200 million USD per week in agricultural exports.            The 2011 E.coli outbreak in Germany was the worst ever recorded case of shiga toxin producing Escherichia Coli outbreak in the world. The outbreak started on May 8th and was declared over by the German health officials on July 4th the same year. The outbreak could have been more serious if the government did not alert the public to avoid consuming foods from areas suspected to be the likely source of the bacteria. In 2011, Germany encountered the biggest episode of Stec cases ever recorded: what added up to 3,842 cases were accounted for, incorporating 2,987 instances of research facility affirmed E. coli gastroenteritis with 18 passings and 855 instances of hemolytic uremic syndrome (Hus) that prompted 35 lethal conclusions (Lan & Reeves 2002:93). The episode began on May 8, topped on May 22, and was proclaimed fulfilled by July 4. One could contend that open health measures halted the pandemic by alarming individuals to maintain a strategic distance from the util ization of debased sustenance, yet it is likewise conceivable that the plague ceased on the grounds that polluted sustenances were no more present in the business sectors. The procedure has been openly scrutinized for being too moderate and for beginning false press advertisements joining cucumbers and not sprouts to the episode. Reflectively, this feedback must be seen with some control. In the beginning of the episode, the average reporting times for Hus cases were 8 days to analysis, in the ballpark of 10 days to illuminate the nearby health section, and around the range of 12 days for showing up for the Robert Koch Institute (Rki) (3). In a U.S. study on E. coli O157 contaminations, a normal reporting time of 7 days was attained. There are two purposes behind the slower reporting process in Germany (Ihssen et al 2010:83) Germany has a less-brought together open health framework, and these cases introduced with an abnormal profile, facing medical practitioners with another clinic al substance. An early epidemiological examination comprised of a case-control study including 26 mature people hospitalized with Hus. Univariate dissection connected just the utilization of sprouts with sickness. Notwithstanding, no sprout cautioning was issued at the start of the episode, since stand out quarter of the patients recalled having depleted sprouts. Next was an accomplice investigation of 177 subjects who had consumed at a solitary restaurant, prompting 33 instances of affirmed Stec the runs. As per the restaurant formula, every one of the 31 cases that could be questioned had depleted uncooked sprouts. An arrangement of natural and follow back and follow send examinations by the German assignment gathering recognized an assembly of Swedish guests who had depleted a sprout mixture. This finding indicated a sprout maker in easier Saxony, Germany, where in May one-third of the workers fell sick, with some of them contaminated with the pestilence strain O104:h4 (Lan & Ree ves 2002:102). The following pieces in this perplex were the wholesalers served by this grow maker, joining further groups to sprouts. Strikingly, the German sprout maker had a seed supplier that could be joined to 15 instances of O104:h4 contaminations in Bordeaux, France. These cases were clearly additionally connected with sprout utilization. The beat field gel electrophoresis example of the French disconnects was indistinguishable to that from the German flare-up however unique in relation to those of preoutbreak reference O104 strains, prescribing a solitary source clonal episode, predictable with the epidemiological confirmation. On 10 June, sprouts of fenugreek seeds foreign made from Egypt were declared by the German powers as the offender wellspring of sullying in this episode. On the other hand, none of the sprout mixtures (seeds) tried positive for O104:h4.            The force of the study of disease transmission contrasted and a microbiological methodology was highlighted by the failure to develop the scourge strain from any of the examined sprouts or from the sprout seeds which were taken from the handling chain. Growth of the strain was just conceivable in a couple of situations where back defilement was quite likely, for example, an opened bundle of sprouts from a family unit with illness. Because of the practically all around utilized society based identification routines for plagues, this disappointment speaks to an observation issue for health and sustenance security dominant voices as a rule. The issue could be brought on by the low irresistible measurements of the pathogen, its rot in nourishment at the minute of examination, or a particular physiological state of microbes characterized as suitable however nonculturable (VBNC). Numerous diverse bacterial species, incorporating E. coli, enter this Vbnc state as a reacti on to distressing ecological conditions (Ihssen et al 2010:125). Microbes in the Vbnc state don’t develop on microbiological media however recapture cultivability when revived after stretch alleviation. In fact, O104:h4 entered this Vbnc state when presented to supplement poor conditions, poisonous amassings of copper particles, or faucet water. Soothing the anxiety by copper particle chelating encouraged the revival of O104:h4. Be that as it may, these trials ought to be translated with forethought, since there is so far no immediate confirm that E.coli O104:h4 is found in the VBNC state in nature.            The epidemiological investigation of first fundamentally sustenance borne tainting gets to be much more troublesome when the starting pathogen transmission by means of the evolved way of life is traded by human-to-human transmission. Human-to-human transmission is known to happen in the ballpark of 20% of families with an O157:h7 essential patient. Optional family transmission from mature person patients was likewise prescribed for O104:h4 contaminations in France and The Netherlands, fundamentally dependent upon the perception of deferred onset contrasted with the brooding time of 7 to 9 days for O104:h4 contaminations. Optional transmissions were additionally reported in Hessen, Germany, which is arranged outside of the primary plague center in northern Germany (Todar 2012:38). The study recorded transmission in families, the healing facility, and the microbiological research center.            Health officials in Germany faced a lot of difficulties in isolating the causative organism mainly due to its versatile nature. Based on the investigations carried out during the German epidemic, there are two major distinct pathotypes of the E.coli bacteria namely enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E.coli. It becomes even more difficult to control the E.coli bacteria if the virulence genes are located in the mobile elements of the DNA. Based on this, E. coli outbreaks in Germany, Oregon and Michigan are not the last. This calls for the microbiological community to carryout more research and ensure that the E.coli strains are sequenced on time and in an open way (Peter et al 2011:84). In Germany, the annotation of the E.coli strain responsible for the outbreak was carried out in a community-wide approach through the use of the internet. It brought together bioinformaticians from all corners of the world working day and night to sequence the genomes. Some of the international health organizations that were involved in handling the outbreak were the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the world health organization (WHO). The main role of a UK Local Authority based Environmental Health Practitioner would have been control the spread of the bacteria by isolating all infected animals and farm produce. Lessons from the 2011 E.coli outbreak in Germany            There are a number of lessons that can be learnt from the 2011 E. coli outbreak in Germany. To begin with, there is need to come up with more safe ways of growing foods especially fruits and vegetables. The investigations into the cause of the 2011 E. coli outbreak established the presence of certain strains of the bacteria in a number of vegetables and not on sprouts alone. This raised the question of E. coli prevalence in the European fresh produce (Russo 2003:4). The second lesson that can be learnt from the 2011 E. coli outbreak in Germany is the need for better communication incase any harmful bacteria are found in foods. After the E. coli outbreak, the German government came under a lot of criticism for taking too long to announce the outbreak. The government took too long before it took the report to the Roberth Koch Institute (RKI) (Todar 2012:83). Many of the infections and deaths that resulted from the outbreak could have been avoided had the government w arned the people on time. Based on this, it is important for governments all over the world to have an efficient E.coli surveillance and warning system. The final lesson that can be learnt from the E.coli epidemic in Germany is the need to ensure food safety both nationally and internationally. Despite the fact that the 2011 epidemic was concentrated in one area, it had global impacts. According to investigations, the sprout seeds found in the implicated farm were found to have originated from Asia, southern Europe and Germany. It is important for countries to raise food safety standards mostly in free markets like the European Union. References Benzer S 1961, ‘On the Topography of the Genetic Fine Structure’,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A Bill Marler & Marler Clark 2012,’German E. coli O104:H4 Outbreak – $2.84 Billion in Human Damage’  : Food Poison Journal Connolly, Allison 2008)’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœE. Coli Outbreak Kills One More Patient as Source Eludes Investigators’, Bloomberg Ihssen J, Kowarik M, Dilettoso S, Tanner C, Wacker M, Thà ¶ny-Meyer L. 2010,’Production of glycoprotein vaccines in Escherichia coli’, Microbial Cell Factories Lawrence JG, Ochman H, 1998, ‘Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome’.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Lan R, Reeves PR 2002, ‘Escherichia coli in disguise: molecular origins of Shigella’,  Microbes Infect. Lee SY 1996, ‘High cell-density culture of Escherichia coli’,  Trends BiotechnolPeter Walker, Adam Gabbatt and agencies 2011,’E coli: European commissioner suggests  £135m payout for farmers | World news’,  The Guardian Russo E 2003,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe birth of biotechnology’,  Nature Todar, K.2012,’Pathogenic  E. coli’.  Online Textbook of Bacteriology. University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Bacteriology Source document

Configuring ETRN on the Server and the Client Essay

To set up ETRN, you need to configure the server and the client separately. The ISP usually configures the server side. The setup is simple if your ISP is using Exchange Server. Go to the Connections tab of the IMS property sheet. Under Message delivery, click E-Mail Domain. Add the customer’s domain name and select the Queue messages for ETRN check box, as you see inScreen 1. If you don’t check this box, the ISP server will immediately attempt to deliver messages even though the ETRN client is offline. Checking this box prevents unsuccessful retries and nondelivery reports (NDRs) back to the originator. ISPs that don’t use Exchange Servers can configure the Sendmail utility for ETRN capability. The ETRN client requires more complex configuration. First, configure when the ETRN client sends mail. If you’re using RAS, be sure you’ve configured the RAS client and a phone book entry pointing to your ISP before you begin. From Exchange Server, go to the IMS property sheet to configure your connector for ETRN dial-up. From the Dial-up Connections tab, which Screen 2 shows, choose the appropriate remote access entry from the Available connections window. Next, decide on a schedule for calling your ISP. As Screen 2 shows, you have several options, including transferring mail at specific intervals or whenever mail is queued up. Note that you don’t explicitly define when to close the connection. The IMS terminates the connection depending on the setting in the Time-out after X min window. This parameter refers to idle time; the connection closes after the number of minutes you specify have passed. Your ISP must be able to dequeue your inbound mail within this period, or the connection will close prematurely. The connection might close if the dequeue process doesn’t proceed in a timely fashion after you’ve established the connection with the ISP. You can accommodate a slow start of the dequeuing process by increasing the time value. You configure logon validation for the dial-up connection by clicking Logon Information on the Dial-up Connectors tab. On the screen that opens, enter your username, password, and domain (if appropriate). This information (which your ISP gives you) provides the credentials for ETRN to match against the server and provides security between the two servers. To configure ETRN to let your ISP send your mail to you, click Mail Retrieval to get to the screen that you see in Screen 3. Click Retrieve mail using ETRN. To specify the proper Internet domain, you can use the Routing property page (from the IMS property sheet) or hard-code your domain names by selecting Use these domains and entering domains in the window. The latter option signals the ISP to dequeue messages from this domain only. If you’ve defined subdomains, precede the domain name with an at (@) character to collect mail for all domains. Subdomains let you partition companies into operating units with separate email addresses. For example, the NCR.com Internet domain has several subdomains, such as daytonoh.NCR.com and columbiasc.NCR.com. If your ISP has defined separate hosts for inbound and outbound messages, you can select Send ETRN to specified host instead of outbound mail host and define the IP address of the inbound host. If your service provider uses the TURN command instead of ETRN, you can click Issue TURN after delivering outbound mail. If you use this option, your ISP might need to authenticate your identity, if the ISP has this functionality. You can configure these credentials (e.g., name and password) on the Security tab of the IMS property sheet. This authentication usually uses the AUTH LOGIN ESMTP extension to send the account and password on the outbound connection. If your ISP uses UNIX instead of Exchange Server, you can use the UNIX Sendmail application to dequeue messages from the ISP’s SMTP gateway for delivery to the ETRN client. To configure Sendmail, select Custom command to invoke a script that uses the Sendmail function. You enter the script in the window next to the option. For instance, the remote shell command (Rsh) causes Sendmail to run at the service provider after you’ve established a connection. For example, the syntax  Rsh I isp.com l logonalias â€Å"/user/lib/sendmail q R NCR.com† starts the remote shell, then connects to a service provider called ISP.com. The logon alias starts the shell at the ISP (this alias must match the rhosts file on the ISP). The rest of the command executes the remote shell and sends the queue to the specified domain (NCR.com). The final step in the client portion of ETRN setup is to configure your server to queue mail in the IMS for later transfer to your ISP via ETRN. On the IMS Connections tab, which Screen 4 shows, selectForward all messages to host under Message Delivery, and then enter your ISP’s IP address. Check the Dial using check box, and be sure the correct RAS phone book entry appears in the adjacent window.

Natural Language Essay

Natural language and Standard English can differ largely for obvious reasons. I grew up in a small town with a population of just 2,000 people. Most of the members of this small community were farmers and/or small business owners. For the most part, not many residents of this town have college degrees or an education past a high school diploma. Many would consider this part of the country â€Å"rednecks†. Though not necessarily from the south, we are Midwesterners and though Kansas City is close, my hometown is about an hour northeast. I grew up in more of rural/suburban community, much different than Kansas City which has become a very urban environment. I have had a lot of people have say I have a â€Å"twang† to my accent. I don’t necessarily hear it in my own voice, but when I visit home, I do recognize it in others, primarily when walking through the local grocery store or at the filling station. Through education and being well traveled (I was a flight attendant for 4 years), I think I have changed the way I talk. This past holiday, I went back and visited my home town. I did notice a lot of improper grammar being used and letters left off of the ending of words. It became somewhat irritating to me to hear my relatives and old friends talk so unintelligently. Hearing my sister say, â€Å"I ain’t got no wrappin’ paper† or my mom tell my dad she’s â€Å"got to go to the Wal-Marts to get some things† really just made my skin crawl. I’m sure that at some point in time, I likely, spoke the same and thought nothing about it and I do have to admit that there are times I have caught myself inserting the work â€Å"like† 20 times more than needed. Those are the simple examples of natural language; I have since learned and have changed my manner of speaking due to my new everyday environment. Standard English is far different from this; it can’t be learned by simply being around other people, but instead it must be taught exclusively. Words, phrases, and the way humans speak to one another initiates through our first caregivers and the people we are raised around.

Finance slp 02 pc quote web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance slp 02 pc quote web - Essay Example As Wal Mart has a beta coefficient of 0.1467 it implies that the stock generally follows market movements. It also shows the relatively less risk it carries relative to the market (Levinson 2006). However, recognizing the theory of risk and return, the gains in investing in Wal Mart’s stocks is proportional to the risk involved in holding the stock. Since the stock generally carries less risk than the entire market, it also gains less relative to it. When investors put their fund in stocks, they expect to have financial gain from it. The cost of equity is the return that stockholders require for a specific stock that they hold. Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model, Wal Mart’s cost of equity can be computed as: Using the yield to maturity of US bonds maturing in one year (4.5%) as the risk free rate and the difference between the return of the market and risk free rate as 6.5%, the cost of equity of Wal Mart is 5.45% computed as ( 4.5% + 0.1467 (6.5%)). Two other stocks in my portfolio are Nike and Fed Ex which have beta coefficients of 0.8244 and 0.8418. When taken altogether, the average beta coefficient of my portfolio is 0.6043 ((0.8244 + 0.8418 + 0.1467)/3). Using the assumption above, the cost of equity is 8.42% (4.5% + (0.6043) (6.5%). Looking at the beta of the chosen business organizations, it becomes apparent that it can still be diversified. All of the beta coefficients are positive and less than one which means that they are carry less risk and are generally less volatile than the market (Keown et al 2005). I can try to further diversify the portfolio by getting a stock whose beta coefficient is more than 1 in order to shoulder more risk which in turn generates more returns (Keown et al 2005) . It will also be logical to carry a stock whose performance is negatively correlated to the market. This stock will have a negative beta

Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intellectual Property - Essay Example The inventor of an intellectual property is not supposed to resign the company after creating a property in order to write his or her name as the inventor of that property. Intellectual property is a very important thing for any company. If a company acquires some other firm or company, it also acquires the right of intellectual property of that firm or company. For the proper protection and exploitation of intellectual property, the business owners need to be aware of how and when they created the intellectual property. Once the business owners create the intellectual property, they need to manage their intellectual property portfolio, capture and maximize value of the innovative ideas, monitor the infringements, and enforce the intellectual property rights. Intellectual property is a unique thing, which differentiates a person or a company for other people or companies. For example, a symbol or a logo is intellectual property of a company, which represents the company in the market . Unauthorized use of intellectual property has given rise to a number of court cases. Experts strongly recommend the companies to protect their intellectual properties using four different methods, which include patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets.

Dissection and graded assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Dissection and graded - Assignment Example These factors might prevent people from participating in the screening tests. Various factors are found to be dominantly effecting people’s decision of participating in the screening tests. The two possible reasons include awareness and health beliefs. As screening is a process of identifying risk of diseases in presymptomatic individuals for effective therapy or primary prevention to evaluate the risk factors (Shickle & Chadwick, 1994). Depending upon the concepts and beliefs people decide to take part in screening procedures. Nowadays people are aware of both things, the pros of screening tests and the cons. Because of increasing adverse effects reported due to screening procedures the awareness has been increased therefore; people do not wish to participate in screening procedures. People are more aware of the adverse consequences like fear, depression, anxiety, etc. which occur due to undertaking screening tests, this hinders in their decision of participating in screening tests. Health beliefs of some individuals influenced by their culture or traditions also prevent people from participation (Government of Western Australia, 2014). People consider the screening tests to be waste of money as they do not find them useful. As studies have proven screening tests have not found effective in decreasing the risk of diseases therefore, people do not consider them as useful or result oriented. Surveys have proved that most people do not consider themselves to be sick or have any risk of disease which prevents them from taking part in screening tests. People also consider the screening procedures to be unsafe and may result in doing harm to their bodies which makes them fearful. Having proper awareness and guidance about one self and knowing whether screening is necessary or not prevent individuals from facing series of adverse outcomes. In order to overcome screeningitis the public health

Manufacturing and Production Enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Manufacturing and Production Enterprises - Essay Example CIM involves use of other independent technologies like the computer in all sections of the business making it easier to monitor the progress of each section and monitor process flow. Information sharing to any employee demanding it for effective decision-making if made easier. On implementation, businesses implement it differently and use tools that are dependent on diverse factors affecting the business (Markert & Backer, 2009). This makes it more of a manufacturing philosophy than a technology since it is adopted differently by different organizations to suit their demands. CIM does not include a specific implementation process or predetermined structure that is to be adopted by any organization intending to use the strategy. There are no specific technologies that are identified to be part of the setup. With no specific implementation structure, CIM is more of a management strategy that intends to assist businesses integrates their existing technologies to achieve quality products. An integration of electrical, information and mechanical subsystems makes it possible for management personnel in design and manufacturing to communicate with each other using computer workstations (Markert & Backer,

Employment law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employment law - Assignment Example Importantly, the laws are not the same in all the companies rather they differ depending on the cultural, political and economical factors of the countries. The employment law entails the relation between employees, employers, trade unions and the government. The employment law in relation to employees constitutes their rights at work. For instance in the UK Employment law; employment contracts, unfair dismissal, the Working Time Regulations, flexible working rights and equality aspects are outlined. With respect to the law, an employee is able to figure out the rights at work and how to acquire legal advice when discriminated against or unfairly dismissed from work. The UK employment law enables employers to comply with it thus treat their employees fairly and lawfully. Pauls dismissal due to his misbehavior is a controversial issue since other people may support or oppose the act. The employment law of UK outlines the procedure to be followed when an employee is to be sacked. As an HR manager in the store where Paul works, I will effectively advise the General Manager on what to do. This is because Paul has presented an unfair dismiss al claim to his Employment Tribunal Office. The course of action to be taken by the organization should therefore comply with the UK employment law. The organization should have considered Pauls source of the misconduct in order to proceed with the dismissal. A thorough and effective investigation was to be carried out before the dismissal. Therefore, Paul has a right to claim for the unfair dismissal to the local Employment Tribunal Office. The organization should have issued Paul a notice or warning before the dismissal. It did not follow the correct procedure of dismissal despite Paul involving himself into fighting which is considered fair enough for dismissal. According to the UK employment law, the organization should have carried out a proper investigation about Pauls misconduct instead of issuing

Is Online Privacy Dead Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Is Online Privacy Dead - Research Paper Example Despite being a digital world where every kind of transaction, application or interaction requires the disclosure of personal information, the privacy rules have become less relevant (Jose, 2013). No one seems to care about the advertising of personal, private and confidential information on the internet. No one seems to be bothered by the fact that personal information belonging to uninformed individuals are traded on the internet like mere business commodities.Purpose StatementThe question that begs, therefore, is who is to carry the blame for all this. Who should be held responsible? Should it be the individuals who fearlessly and un cautiously discloses all their personal information online or are we to blame those who are in custody of the same private information. The purpose of this research is, therefore, to delve deeper into this issue and find the root of the problem and suggest the possible cure to the same. The paper discusses whether online privacy is still in operation and how far it goes to secure personal information. Simply put, the paper discusses whether or not online privacy is dead. This has been a controversial issue that has left many in endless debates (House, 2014). While some argue that the current level of technology is not sufficient to safeguard private information online, some are of the opinion that those charged with the safeguarding duty have terribly failed at it. In addition, the paper discusses the real motive behind the revealing of such information.

Expert Testimony Reliability Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Expert Testimony Reliability - Case Study Example Incompetent experts in criminal cases might be more newsworthy, but surveyors in civil courts face the same pressures. Last year, Geoffrey Wright, of EA Shaw, and I discussed the important role that expert witnesses have to play in dispute resolution (EG 23 July 2005, p90). The General Medical Council had just held that the evidence given by Professor Sir Roy Meadow at the criminal trial of Sally Clarke was "naà ¯ve, grossly misleading, incompetent and careless". He was found guilty of serious professional misconduct and stripped of his licence to practice. On 17 February, Collins J ruled that Professor Meadow had acted "honestly and in good faith": see Meadows v General Medical Council [2006] EWHC 146 (Admin); [2006] 09 EG 182 (CS). The appeal was allowed on the basis that his conduct should not have exposed him to such a sanction. In the same week, Lord Goldsmith, the attorney general, announced new measures designed to ensure that expert witnesses in criminal trials give their ob jective opinion only and do not act as advocates. Expert witnesses will have to reveal all of their evidence, and its source, to investigating police. They will also have to declare anything "that might adversely affect their credibility or competence as an expert witness "and must "not give expert opinion beyond their area of expertise". In contrast to a liberal admissibility view, Paul Milich maintains that "the jury's obvious limitations in evaluating complex scientific disputes cannot be overcome by the mythically powerful tools of cross-examination and closing argument." 2 He suggests that it may be over-hasty to assume that an adversarial proceeding will succeed in enabling a jury to understand scientific testimony satisfactorily. According to Mulch, when jurors are presented with complex scientific issues, they might choose to ignore these issues and make a decision based on other factors, such as an expert's physical appearance and his/her demeanor. Mulch's argument seems pl ausible because jurors might have to resort to this alternative if they really do not understand the proffered testimony. Since judges and juries do not share a common base of experience with an expert witness on the specialized matters being discussed in his/her testimony, they can have a difficult time probing into and evaluating the expert's reasoning and opinions. The accessibility of proffered claims can vary greatly depending on a number of factors, some of which were mentioned previously. The subject matter of some expert testimony can be inherently confusing, if not unintelligible, to laypersons. To return to a point made before, one

CRJS 205 Introduction to Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CRJS 205 Introduction to Criminal Law - Essay Example The client in this context is a victim of a sexual assault and she can sue the offender. However, the decisions (jail term and damages) that will be made by the jury in the criminal and civil courts will depend on the state’s statutory rape laws. When a client decides not sue the offender, the sex crime kit is usually kept for a certain period within which the victim can report to the law enforcement. In West Virginia, the sex crime kit or the evidence is stored for 18 months if the victim does not initiate an investigation. However, after 18 months the evidence is destroyed or used for research purposes or used for training; this is done after the removal of identifying information (West Virginia Foundation for Rape Information and Services [WV-FRIS], 2008). It is important to note that evidence is required if the victim desires to sue the offender. If the client has evidence, she can sue the offender for sexual assault of the first degree if sexual intercourse and bodily harm were inflicted or sexual assault of the second degree is only sexual intercourse occurred. If found guilty of first-degree sexual assault, the offender can be â€Å"imprisoned in the penitentiary between 15 and 35 years or imprisoned in the penitentiary between 15 and 35 years and fined between $1,000 and $10,000† (The Lectric Law Library, 2012). If found guilty of second-degree sexual assault, the offender can be jailed in the prison between 10 and 25 years or jailed in the prison between 10 and 25 years accompanied with a fine between $1,000 and $10,000 (The Lectric Law Library, 2012). In addition to criminal prosecution, the victim can file a civil suit with the help of a private attorney in a Civil Court. If the victim wins the civil lawsuit, the court orders the attacker to pay money for the damages caused (the damages include loss of income, suffering, pain, and medical expenses). Punitive damages are also available if the victim does

Understanding Cultural, Ethnic and Gender Differences by Managers and Professions Essay Example for Free

Understanding Cultural, Ethnic and Gender Differences by Managers and Professions Essay It is nearly impossible to have a successful business without considering the important aspect of the cultural, ethnic and gender differences among the employees. Culture refers to a set of beliefs that a certain group of people have in common. In at least every working environment, it is more than obvious to have people having different cultures, ethnicities, and of course different genders (Carlozzi, 2004). In order to ensure that people work together and efficiently, it is highly advisable for the managers and professionals to understand these diverse cultures (Carlozzi, 2004). Most countries have different cultures, and it is possible that in any given working environment, there are many cultures that exist. It is therefore an apparent fact that there is a need in the understanding of cultural, ethnic and gender differences to ensure success in businesses. Understanding cultural and ethnic differences at workplace can be termed as cultural diversity and not biasness as may be conceived by other critics. Cultural diversity encompasses race, gender, ethnic group, age, education and background among others. Understanding cultural and ethnic differences does not only involve how people perceive themselves, but how they perceive others. What results is that those perceptions affect the way they interact with each other at the work place (Carlozzi, 2004). For many employees to perform effectively in an organization, managers and professionals in human resource need to deal effectively with issues related to communication and adaptability and change (Carlozzi, 2004). Communication is the most basic concept of success in any business environment. If it is not properly fostered by the managers to their employees, the success of the business may be at stake. This implies that the managers and human resource professionals, should take the initiative to understand the cultural values and ethnic differences so as to know how well to approach issues with the employees without collusion. From the look of things, the issue of understanding cultural differences is likely to increase significantly in the coming years. Managers and professionals in all those businesses that have succeeded have come to see the need in building an understanding of cultural differences in the work place. They are ready to spend even resources, if needs be, to manage cultural diversity. It is very beneficial in many ways, and most importantly, they help to create an understanding in the working environment. A business entity’s success and competitiveness depends upon its capability to understand different cultures and ethnicities and realize the benefits involved. If a business organization actively assesses its handling of workplace diversity issues, and develops and implements diversity plans, multiple benefits can be realized (Carlozzi, 2004). One benefit is the increased adaptability of one another. Getting used to each other in a business environment is very vital in the success of the business. There will be free flow of information because people will be free to each other, and with perfect communication, issues will be approached in a friendly manner. Business organizations that embrace cultural diversity have the capacity to supply a greater variety of solutions to problems in service, sourcing, and allocation of resources. Employees from different backgrounds bring individual talents and expertise in suggesting of ideas that are flexible in adapting to fluctuating markets and the demands of the customers. With understanding of cultural differences and ethnicities, the business organization will have a broader service range, in terns of business delivery. The presence of different cultures in a business implies that there is a collection of skills and experiences in that particular business. This allows the enterprise to provide a service to customers on global basis. The managers and professionals in human resource department will give positions to employees with regards to capacities (Carlozzi, 2004). After understanding each individual’s culture, they will know where and on what field someone is good at. This will make the business succeed because an employee will be given a position where he or she is likely to perform best. This will also reduce job burnouts which greatly lower the performance of employees. The understanding of the cultural, ethnic and gender differences will enable managers to understand different view points that their employees possess. Different cultures in the work place possess different ideas, skills and experiences. In decision making process, different ideas will be suggested which will obviously find a solution to the problem at hand. This will only be achieved if there is cultural, gender and ethnic understanding by the managers. It will be better and most comfortable to communicate varying points of view as it will provide a large pool of ideas and experiences (Carlozzi, 2004). The business organization can now draw from that pool to meet the needs of its customers more effectively. In conclusion, it is wise to say that promoting cultural, ethnic and gender sensitivity in a business setting does not really mean promoting biasness in the business scenario as most people may try to argue. Instead, this clear understanding will take into account variations in the interactions of each employee to facilitate cooperation and communication in the business. Understanding the employees and trying to exploit their different potentials is a practice that can really benefit the business to grow to prosperity.

Speedo Marketing Strategy

Speedo Marketing Strategy To being with our organisational orientation lets look at some of the definition about Marketing and Marketing concept. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. (Approved October 2007 American Marketing Association Board of Directors) The right product, in the right place, at the right time, at the right price (Adcock) The achievement of corporate goals through meeting and exceeding customer needs better than the competition. (Jobber) Speedo is one of the leading brands in swim wear. Founded in 1910, in Australia by a young Scottish entrepreneur Alexander MacRae. Initially known as MacRae Knitting mills, the company was into undergarment business and due to the mounting response from Australian beach comers, MacRae integrated swimwear in his business. In 1920 swimwear popularity rose quickly because of the inclusion of swimming as a sport and mixed bathing. In 1928 they introduced a new model swimwear called Racerback outfit, which made the swimmers to swim faster. A new slogan was generated Speed on in your Speedos and the catchword became fashionable and finally a new name Speedo was coined. In 1951 Speedo Knitting Mills (Holdings) Ltd was integrated and turned into a public company (Sydney Stock exchange). Speedo started its operation in USA in 1959 and made into other international markets. It also moved into Europe by purchasing 30% share of Robert Shaw and Company Ltd. in Nottingham, England. The Japan and South Africa corporations approved licenses to Speedo to set up manufacture and division delivery in 1960. It made a significant deal with China in 1980. Many European Union provided license to the Speedo manufacturing and delivering. In 1980 it became official sponsor for Australia Institute of Sport. The Pentland Group took possession of Speedo in 1990 and finally the modern Speedo was born with new strategies and products. Today the Speedo trademark is protected in 175 countries with an annual turnover of $550 million. Since its inception, Speedo had been innovative in the competitive swimsuit market to design suits with the latest technology aimed at enhancing the swimmers performance. The technology and design of its suits brought Speedo to the forefront in performance swimming as more Olympic medals were won in Speedo than in any other athletic apparel brand. In 1928, the celebrated Swedish swimmer Arne Borg set a world record by wearing the Speedo swimwear and the brand won hearts of millions. The Speedos major success story in innovation starts way back in the 1950s when they were the first company to introduce normal wool into their fabric. They created roars in the 1950 Olympics by sponsoring the Australian swimming team in the new Speedo suit which broke records. Speedo had no turn back and was acknowledged as a market leader ever since in performance swimwear till the 2008 Olympics. They are successful to the extent that they command more than 70% of the market share in the US$200 million performance swimwear market globally. The 60s and 70s witnessed the unrivalled reign of Speedo in the performance segment. 49 medals were won in Mexico Olympics held in 1968, in which 22 set a world record by wearing Speedo. Speedo was the first to introduce nylon/elastane into the fabric in 1970 and even today the fabric is famous among the swimmers. More than 50 countries were sporting Speedo in Munich Olympics held in 1972. In 1976 Speedo became the official swimwear brand for the Montreal Olympics. In 1992, 1994 and 1996 Speedo came up with S2000, Endurance and Aquablade which were worn by most record breaking swimmers in Barcelona and Atlanta Olympics. Speedo launched Fast-skin swimsuit in 2000 Sydney Olympics which is made up of smooth crisp fabric and broke 13 world records. 2003 is a remarkable year for Speedo, as it turned to 75th year. Speedo launched Fast-skin series in 2004, which was worn by Michael Phelps and set a history in Athens Olympics by winning 8 medals. The LZR Racer the most advanced swimsuit launched by Speedo in his 80th year created history as 92% medals in swimming were won in the Speedo suit. In 1990 Speedo was bought by The Pentland Group and the new Speedo International LTD was born with new strategies and approach. Speedo an established name in the competitive swimwear segment was getting into the wider segment by focusing on commercial products with a sports attitude. Speedo implemented new marketing strategies through AD campaigns which was completely new to the company. Today Speedo is a Multi National Company operating in 175 countries with an annual turnover of $550 million. Speedo products are sold directly and through brand franchising and are available in departmental stores, speciality stores and sports goods stores. Speedo owned brand accelerate specially focused commercial wear for men and women sells pants, shirts, bags, caps, footwear etc. Speedo co branded AVP apparels sells beach volley products and accessories. Speedo sports water designed for athletes was launched in 2004 in collaboration with Fuze Beveraged Ltd. Speedo. Competitive advantage is fundamentally about the value that the customers put on the product assessed by how much they are willing to pay, and the organization that better serves the customers has the differential attribute or dimension to create better customer value (Jobber, D. 2006:p.53) Competitive Advantage of Speedo Speedo has been unique in the market since its inception a century ago. Speedo has a well earned reputation for excellence in quality, efficient in design and unique in its technology. Speedo has evolved themselves to both categories by introducing unique performance products at a higher price and commercial wear products at a normal price. The success of Speedo can be summarised as its competitive edge over other competitors over the last few decades. Speedo had faced fierce competition from multi-national companies known for its smart marketing activities like Nike, Adidas, TYR, Arena, Diana, Mizuno etc but was always in the top in competitive segment with more than 70% share in the $200 million industry. Speedo has evolved themselves into the competitive swimwear market and the commercial wear market, but it commands a competitive advantage only in the former. When it comes to Research and Development Speedo has gained a matchless competitive advantage with respect to its competitors. The main reason for this is Speedos commitment towards Research and Development. Speedo has always in the forefront in bringing out the best products with newest of technologies in the competitive swimwear market. Speedo started this in the 1950s by introducing wool into its fabric and the competitive advantage era of Speedo began. Since then till the year 2008 it had this competitive edge by bringing out the latest technology suit available in the market. They have worked with the best names in technology like the National aeronautics and space administration (NASA), reputed universities and private research agencies to develop its product. Introduction of the fast skin series, the fastest swimwear in the world in the 2008 Olympics When it comes to sponsored athletes Speedo has again gained the upper hand among its competitors. Speedo has sponsored most of the top ranking athletes in swimming like Michel Phelps, Natalie Coughlin, Ryan Lochte, Katie Hoff, Libby Trickett, Eamon Sullivan, Rebecca Adlington etc. No other has companies such an elite list of sponsored swimmers. Threat of entry in a swimming firms industry: A new sports company that enters into the industry brings in the potential to gain a new market share. The existing competitors pose a threat to the new comers, but in the case of Speedo it has been dominant in the market since its inception. It is big hurdle for the upcoming companies to gain a considerable market share against the existing company as they are highly popular in the customers mind with their smart proven strategies. Access of distribution channels- The distribution channel is well connected and diversified globally. The products are reaching all parts of the world with the highly competitive supply chain management. Sometime this barrier is so high that to surmount it, a new contestant must create its own distribution channels. Cost disadvantage independent of size- Unless the competitors reduce the price but consistent with the product quality. They might record low sale rate, if they dont upgrade the quality of the product to sustain in the market. Capital requirements- The net worth of the company is vital for the capital requirement. The capital can be mobilised from various asset produces to bank official. The budget has to be distrusted for the growth of the company in various sectors like inventories, R D, advertising budget etc. Recession could be an advantage or demerit to an economy and other firms. Some organisations might see recession as an advantage because it motivates the market to run effectively mostly during long-term. Taking Speedo as an example, the organisation seen recession as an advantage to them because, during recession competition within the swimming industry is less, it causes brings down the cost of swimming. If there is high number of swimming industry, the lesser the information they get about each other performance being an advantage to the firms, and more likely output and prices will be at a competitive level. Speedo looks at competitive advantage which lies not only in activities but in the way they do relate to each other, to supplier activities, customer relationship and to customer activities. That the phrases competitive advantage and sustainable competitive advantage have become commonplace is testimony to the power of individual belief ideas. The foremost part in the Marketing Mix is the Companys product, since such provides the handy needs to customer past near they looked for in the market. The product widens by the marketing managers into brands is to make a unique position in the market as well as in the customers needs. The Four Ps of marketing mix is the key factor in the market. Most of the organisations depend on the marketing mix elements. They are Product, Price, Promotion and Place. Product Definition simply refers to anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use which may satisfy a want or need of an individual. Product base approach Quality is viewed as a precise and measurement variable. Speedo has ranked its product according to the price among of the desired attributed they posses. Because quality reflects the quantity of attributes that a product contains, and because attributes are considered costly to produce, higher quality goods will be more expensive. i. Conformance- It relates to reliability, as conformance stresses the extent to which ours products are designed and match pre-established standards. Conformance quality is meaningless if its not satisfactory to the customers. ii. Durability- how much use does one get from the Speedo product before it wears down and needs to be replaced. iii. Feature- secondary marketing mix that augment the basic function. iv. Reliability- the probability of a product breaking down applies particularly to customer durables, such as washing machine and to industry machinery. There are many verities in performance especially concentrated on swimming which is their major marketing product. After various transformations in the technology they have refined the product in aspect of performance in the sporty game swimming. Initially they started manufacturing with normal wool to silk to nylon and the latest is the Pulse fabric composed with lightweight woven fabric polyurethane panels to reduce drag. Based on the changes in the material used by Speedo, they have developed a new design for challenging swimmers which is the one that covers most part of the body. Speedo makes a full body suit (showing head, hands, and feet open), jumpers and endurances. The new suits manufactured has advantage, the material is used to reduce the drag which the performer can speed the strokes in the activities. This is approved by FINA and this is a popular product which it beating the new trend. There are various designs in the performance aspect such as Fastskin LZR Racer, Fastskin LZR Racer Tri-Pro, Fastskin FS Pro, Fastskin FSII, Endurance+ and 2010 FINA Approved suit. After three years of research and developed by Aqualab (Speedos global research and development facility) they came with a new product LZR Fast Racer suit specially for swimmers. As a part of their research Aqualab worked with a number of global partners including NASA, ANSYS, Otago University, and Australian Institute of sport to fabricate an Ultra lightweight, powerful and water repellent material to reduce muscle oscillation, skin vibration through powerful compression and to lower skin friction drag. The fabric is fast material and is a unique 3D three-piece pattern designed to optimize the shape of the swimmer. Scanning more than 400 bodies the pattern was from 30 to 3 piece pattern. The swimsuit is fully bonded and ultrasonically welded bonded seams to create a perfectly smooth and flexible streamlined surface finish. The Hydro form compression scheme is to compress fabric as per body shape with complete flexibility and optimum economy. The skin friction drag seams are bonded to lower sewn by 6% and the drag in LZR pulse is 8% lower than Fast Skin. This is approved by FINA 2010 especially for swimming, which is major marketing product. The LZR Racer Tri-Pro is Speedo Aqualabs RD expertise in understanding human activities and they have designed this product which is multi usage product used for swimming, biking and running which is a Triathlon product. The material used in LZR Racer the same is used in LZR Racer Tri-Pro which suits human body with respective to the environment. This suit dries up twice faster than a normal suit, which easily optimizes the body shape with good flexibility and with a fine smooth finish. This suit cover the body from shoulders to the laps, leaving the other parts like shoulders, arms and legs from laps to expose. The next advancement in swimwear technology was the FASTSKIN FS-Pro; made from the same material as the LZR Racer, it dried twice a s fast and lightweight. World class swimmers were consulted in developing this suit which again turned out to be a huge success. This was AQUALAB one of the most sophisticated product. The material for this suit was developed through biomimetrics (design based on nature) imitating the skin of certain aquatic animals especially shark. The material was highly stretchy with a colour and design similar to aquatic conditions and was imitating the shark, the fastest aquatic creature. The suit allows more oxygen to the swimmer adsorbs vibrations from the body and gives rigid support with less drag. The material used is super stretchy fabric, which allows moving freely with great comfort. This is an old product which every swimmer has to use in the early stages of learning which helps to retain a correct posture in swim. Endurance+ is 100% chlorine resistant, designed to last longer, dries more quickly and is 20 times more fade resistance than the commercial swimwear. The completer LZR Range of products is FINA approved as per 2010 rules. The products had created good demand due to the advanced, light weight, powerful material designed to opt shape of body flexible with a smooth finish by absorbing the body vibrations generated from the body and strengthens swimming power. The suit absorbs oxygen to the body by giving additional energy to the body; with a fast dry technology which is all applicable to FINA 2010 new rules. This is a whole range of safety precaution products from Speedo. Concentrated mainly on beginers, which includes swim vests, armbands, kickboards etc. Swim vest and arm bands allows the beginners to float above water without sinking. Kickboard is a product made of undrownable material which is held to stay above water and start peddling. Designed especially for women by women to identify the comfort in fitting by compress the stomach region and lifts up the breast which gives a good female structure. Speedo has a variety of equipments ranging from goggles, caps, MP3, Scuba gear, training aids, footwear etc each specially designed for aquatic activities. Goggles provide clarity vision in water and are UV protective, anti-fog, mirror lens witha rubber double head strap to fit in head perfectly and also safeguards eyes in chlorine water. Underwater MP3 can be used upto 3 metres under water, easy to operate, easy to charge via laptops which last for nine hours. Bio fuse footwear is designed to keep the surface wet by immediate exit of water from pores with good grip on wet floors and is ideal choose in beaches and pools. Speedo uses a tool called economic value to increase perception of value. It is regarded as an appropriate pricing method for this particular market. The terms used in this approach are defined as follows. a. Incremental or improvement value- This will represent the potential incremental satisfaction or profit that Speedo customer can expect from a product over other reference product. b. Reference product- It refers to any product that is accomplishing the same function as the product whose economic value is looked into by the customer. In Speedo, sensitivity pricing is regarded as a key element in the conceptualization of price. It not only assists in developing a marketing strategy but also helps to identify segments with different price sensitivity and the range within which price should be set. i. Price quality effect: Buyers are less sensitive to product price to the extent that higher price signals better quality. ii. Unique value effect: Buyers are more or less sensitive to product price; the more they value any unique attributes that differentiate from the competitors products. iii. Difficult comparison effect: Buyers may seek loyalty with approved supplies or established brand names. Pricing a product in a company has many formulas and strategies in order to come out with the best price. Pricing imitate the supply and demand bond. To understand the pricing strategies in simple, lets us look at the pricing strategies matrix. Premium pricing is about the goods or service where there is uniqueness in high price. This method is used when significant competitive reward exists. In Speedo the LZR Racer, Fast Skin FS Pro, Fast Skin FSII is positioned as their premium priced brand due to its uniqueness in the market. It is uncompromisingly priced around  £210- £550. Economy Pricing: The selling price of the product is kept low, targeting a specific range of low and middle class customers in the market. This strategy is also used in penetration pricing also in order to gain market share in the first place. Speedo fits in some of there products like goggles and caps at economy price to widen its customer base. Goggles range from  £3- £22 and caps from  £5- £17. Charging a higher rate for a product at its initial stage due its uniqueness or demand and then reducing the price once the demand is over or a similar product is been launched in the market. Speedo introduced LZR Racer swimwear and charged a higher rate due to the uniqueness and demand in the market. After a few months, competitors like TYR and Arena replicated the same product and produced at a low cost. Speedo skimmed their price to get in pace with the competition. Product Line Pricing: Bundling different products to sell it in a profitable rate to the customer is known as product line pricing. Speedo bundles caps, goggles, and jammer. For example the cap could be  £5, goggles  £3 and jammer  £60, but the whole package only costs  £68. Promotional Pricing: Promotional Pricing is where the commodities are marked below margin price in the shop for the time being to attract the customer, anticipating that they will buy more products. Speedo has a lot of special offers to make the customer buy more goods. For example Speedo offers direct online the Mens Skitty T-shirt is  £15, but the margin price for the T-shirt  £20. These are the wide range of products displayed in the quadrant manner. For example product such as FASTSKIN LZR Racer, LZR PRO, FS PRO, FS II are grouped into one phase. Geographical Pricing: Companies adapt to different pricing strategies according to the geography. Operating in 175 countries having customers with various outlook and economic structure, geographical pricing is very important for Speedo. For example Speedo introduces a product with a high price in developed countries, whereas it will introduce low price or medium products in underdeveloped countries. Another example of international pricing of Speedo is LZR Racer Elite Jammer which cost  £130 in Europe, where as it cost $260 in USA. Factors affecting price decisions: Promotions: Promotion is the third factor in marketing mix. It caters elements such as advertising, direct marketing, digital marketing, public relations and sales promotion. Speedo has been in the forefront in advertising and branding strategy. One of the important criterions in promotional mix is to influence end users to buy the product by integrating marketing communications. The message should reach the customers in such a way that it covers all aspects of distribution in the market. Speedo, marketing has worked with an aim of favouring the end users with reliability and contentment of the product. Speedos initiated there first promotional event in branding by sponsoring the Australian team in Speedo swimwear during the 1956 Olympics held in Melbourne. It turned out to be a tremendous success when the team won 8 gold medals boosting the brand value of Speedo. Speedos global market growth took place in the 60s where it witnessed stunning performances by athletes gaining 27 gold medals sporting Speedo suits. The campaigns done during the 1970s and 80s were more focussed in establishing fresh ventures by signing deals with Canada and China. By then Speedo gained the market in Europe and parts of Asia. Target Market: Speedo focuses more in Research Development where it produces advanced high performance designs for targeting right from the child who wants to learn swimming till the Olympic Gold Medallists. Their motto is to satisfy the goals of the swimmer with speed, contentment and flexibility. Communication Objectives: In business being a well established brand means it has to maintain its reputation by coming out with best of products in the market. These objectives are channelled to the consumers through media and other communication channels like websites, outdoor campaigns, online media, television, pamphlets, sponsorships etc. Promotional Methods: This includes various strategies to generate sales by getting into the public through various activities like: Sales Promotions: Discount offers, Price slashes, sales vouchers, clubbed offers with other products, combo offers like the purchase of Caps and goggles with a discount in price. Digital marketing Digital marketing has turned out to be the next big thing of the new millennium. It utilizes the digital mediums like internet, mobile, televisions and other interactive channels. Speedo has recently evolved to global online presence and digital marketing through social media space, fan pages, blogs and social media applications. Schemes like Free delivery with orders over 40 £, options like standard delivery and express delivery, sales are generated in volumes. Special offers like price discounts with Speedo coupons and online vouchers are also available. Advertising has been a key strategy of Speedo but with high selectivity. The million dollar campaign before the 2008 Olympics was the recent one which created a brand image that no brand has gained in the Olympics. The brand image is to such an extent that in India when you ask for a branded swimsuit then you will end up in getting Speedo. This is the effectiveness of Speedos advertising campaign even though done rarely. The Olympic Games are so integral to our brand strength, said Craig Brommers, VP-marketing. We want to use the Olympics as a springboard to talk about other parts of our business that are increasingly important. Speedo owns more than 70% market share of the performance and sport swimwear category, but that is a smaller part of our business as we expand. Publication:Brandweek, Date:Monday, March 8 2004 Effectiveness of advertising depends mainly on timing, trustworthiness, performance play, branding etc. Speedo has perfectly designed all these elements with perfect balance and that makes Speedo once again unique in the market. Speedo has famous athletes like Michael Phelps, Hannah Stockbauer and Kosuke Kitajima in their ad campaigns which increases there brand image further in the market Public Relation The PR department of Speedo works out rigorously as there are a number of product launches from Speedo international. It ensures that the company is maintaining the decorum of the products, media buzz, word of mouth and new product launches. The PR department well managed the crisis during the controversy about the swimsuit LZR Racer which took place during the Beijing Olympics held in 2008. Negativity sprouted up when some people want it banned during the competitions, since the levels of buoyancy are at unprecedented levels which they felt an unfair advantage for swimmers in the form of technological doping. But FINA (International Swimming Federation) disproved the false aspects imposed on Speedo and approved the LZR racer swimsuit. The PR department was at its best as they coordinated well with the media in solving the issues. ENDORSEMENTS SPONSORSHIPS: Olympic Games hes been an integral part of Speedos endorsements and sponsorships. 2008 was the most remarkable year as the Speedo sponsored athlete Phelps created waves in the Olympics when he bagged 8 gold medals with world record which is the best by any athlete in Olympic history. Speedo recently announced the extension of the sponsorship deal with the swimming legend Michael Phelps till 2013. Place is a key factor in marketing mix, as the produced goods has to be stored in suitable locations so that it can be channelled into proper distributions. Satisfying customer needs is not only the sole criterion for a manufacturer, but the calculation of the exact product requirement should also be met through proper channel intermediaries. In the case of Speedo, the key strategy remains focused in most of the Olympic event sponsorships. So, that the brand reaches the mass face value thereby gaining customer loyalty. The trading system for Speedo is more focused on marketing mix. The shelving of products in stores portrays a clean appearance, so that the sales would improve and traders would be benefited. The gap between the manufacturer and end user is filled by the marketing intermediaries such as (brokers, commission agents, retailers). The main function of the channel intermediaries is to resolve the difference between the buyer and seller where the seller produces large volumes with a limited goods range, whereas the buyer will require only limited goods with diversified range of products. In the case of Speedo the breaking bulk factor seems to work out well in the retailing sector where there is wide buying range of options for the customers to chose from. For example in goggles the Speedo brand has its products lined up for each purpose such as Racing, Training, Optical, Essential and Children. Minimising the number of transactions during the distribution will improve the efficiency of the business performance. By creating the hub the manufacturers will optimize the transactions which ultimately reduce the selling cost of the product. For Speedo the entry of digital marketing has reduced the distribution through commission agent which proves to be more efficient. The location and time are vital for any global business. In the case of Speedo it has diversified in the international markets and acquired a large clientele base irrespective of the geographic locations. Online purchases and free home delivery offers by the Speedo eases the customers purchase by saving their time gap. Channel Scheme factors: The channel decisions grip selection of the most efficient allocation channel. There are channel factors which influence the marketing channel integration. 1. Market factors 2. Producer factors 3. Product factors 4. Competitive factors 1. Market factors: The buying behaviour proves to be a challenge while considering the consumer expectation relating to the product. The customer tends to buy through direct outlets or retailer depending on their convenience. As in the case of Speedo majority of the customer either purchase online or through outlets. The strength of Speedos marketing lay with the proper distribution channel and network. 2. Producer factors: The deficient factor that the producer faces is the lacking of enough resources to coordinate its channel functions. The strategy of the channel might have its effects during the product mix that the producer initiates. In the case of Speedo the direct distribution proves to be price effective as it has different range of products. 3. Product factors: Speedo has a mix of intermediaries which ranges from direct online sales, agent, direct outlet, and direct distribution to the retailers. Since the life of the Speedo product is subject to long-term the direct distribution by the distributors will deny storing the products in large volume if the existing goods have not been sold. 4. Competitive factors: Speedo not only utilises the traditional distribution channels to sell its products but also has evolved themselves to the newly emerging distribution techniques like digital marketing which involves online sales etc. For example Speedo has spent millions Sheffield based agency; Quba has delivered a banner campaign for Speedo, following its success in the Olympics with swimmers Michael Phelps and Stephanie Rice. This is the first digital campaign for Speedo which was targeting young adults and teenagers. The agency also produced an interactive rich media banner featuring video of the athletes and the opportunity to enter the competition by submitting details into a form embedded into the banner itself. 34 variants of the banners were produced by the agency for oversees market in a very tight turnaround time. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis is the main instrument for the company to audit the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT). The strengths and weakness are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are the external factors. SWOT analysis is very helpful for the managers to plan at the first stage, since it shows the key factors of the organisation. SWOT Analysis The Marketing managers should know the SWOT analysis, so that they know the company mances and chance. The analysis is to make an impact in the growth of the organisation. 1. (S)trengths: The main strength for Speedo is the innovative of new product in the market. The latest new product of Speedo Shapeline Swimwear. The RD of Speedo resea